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The JWST space telescope studied in detail Ganymede a satellite The JWST space telescope studied in detail Ganymede a satellite

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The JWST space telescope studied in detail Ganymede, a satellite whose characteristics are very similar to the planet.

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Ganymede is almost a planet, except that it does not revolve around the Sun, but around Jupiter. If it revolved around the Sun instead of Jupiter, it would have the status of a planet. It has a complex structure – a molten core that creates a magnetic field, a surface layer similar to that on Earth, and an ice sheet with a hidden underwater ocean. The satellite even has an atmosphere, although its density is low. Ganymede is even larger than Mercury and approaches Mars in size.

The Galileo and Juno missions, as well as telescopes on Earth, studied the chemical composition of Ganymede’s surface. However, with such extensive knowledge, unknown details remain, especially regarding its surface. In a new study, a team of researchers from the United States, Europe and Japan examined the surface of Ganymede using the JWST space telescope’s NIRSpec and MIRI instruments. The main author of the study was French planetary scientist D. Bochelet-Morvan from LESIA, an observatory in Paris.

The JWST space telescope studied in detail Ganymede, a satellite whose characteristics are very similar to the planet.

This image of Ganymede shows two dominant landforms. Dark regions with craters and brighter icy regions with grooves. The dark areas are the Perrin (top) and Nicholson (bottom) regions. Notable craters are Tros (top right) and Cysti (bottom left). Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The surface of Ganymede consists of two types of relief: light icy areas with troughs and dark areas. Light areas occupy about two-thirds of the surface, and dark areas occupy the rest. Both types of landforms are ancient, but the darker areas are older and have many craters. In this case, the light relief penetrates through the dark one.

CO2 is present on Ganymede, but it is associated with other molecules, which especially attracts the attention of scientists. Mapping the distribution of carbon dioxide will help figure out how it is bound to which molecules. There is also water ice on Ganymede, but it is amorphous. JWST carried out mapping of ice distribution and properties. Based on the temperature range, no clear surface ice was found on Ganymede. JWST observations indicate that some CO2 is bound to water ice, but only about 1% by mass. The rest of the CO2 is found in various minerals and salts.

The greatest amount of water ice is observed in the areas of Ganymede’s poles, where ions from Jupiter bombard the surface of the satellite. It may also be due to a combination of micrometeorites that become embedded in the ice and ions that reactivate water vapor in non-ice-covered areas and form cleaner water ice, which JWST easily detected.

In addition, scientists note differences between the poles of Ganymede and other regions of its surface. Part of these differences are due to Jupiter’s strong influence on its moon. The connection between Jupiter and Ganymede can be compared to the connection between the Sun and the Earth. Just as the solar wind affects the Earth’s magnetosphere, the plasma emanating from Jupiter affects Ganymede. In addition, Ganymede’s magnetic field interacts with Jupiter’s magnetic field, which contributes to the formation of auroras on Jupiter.

The connections between Jupiter and Ganymede are complex, with some effects extending to Ganymede’s surface chemistry due to the irradiation of the moon’s poles by Jupiter’s plasma. New research has greatly expanded our understanding of these aspects, but scientists have not yet been able to fully interpret the observations.

As the authors of the study note, the results obtained will significantly help in optimizing future observations using the MAJIS spectrometer of the JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) mission, which will continue research on Ganymede. The mission was launched in the spring and will reach Jupiter in the summer of 2031.

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Small, but remote. Corsair unveils SSD MP600 Micro in M.2 2242 form factor

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Small but remote Corsair unveils SSD MP600 Micro in M2

Most modern solid-state drives have the M.2 2280 form factor, but sometimes you need a much more compact SSD – M.2 2242. Corsair did just that.

Small, but remote.  Corsair unveils SSD MP600 Micro in M.2 2242 form factor

In the photo you can see the MP600 Micro model in the specified form factor. The length of such a drive is 42 mm, although there is also an M.2 2230 that is only 30 mm long.

The new product supports PCIe 4.0 and is characterized by data transfer speeds of up to 5100 MB/s for reading and 4300 MB/s for writing. Performance is respectively 600,000 and 890,000 IOPS. These parameters are typical for the 1 TB model, which also has a resource of 600 TBW.

It remains to add that the new product is based on 176-layer Micron 3D TLC NAND memory and is priced at $70.

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Huawei defeated American sanctions: the Chinese company now has its own 5-nanometer processor

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Huawei defeated American sanctions the Chinese company now has its

Five years under strict American sanctions, which cut Huawei off from advanced single-chip systems, have yielded results: the company has its own 5-nanometer processor made in China.

Huawei defeated American sanctions: the Chinese company now has its own 5-nanometer processor

There is an interesting story with this processor. Five days ago, Huawei introduced the Qingyun L540 laptop based on the Kirin 9006C SoC: and at that time, all the characteristics of the device were revealed, but nothing was reported about the central element of the hardware platform. Now Huawei has updated the description on the website, which clearly states that the Kirin 9006C is manufactured using the 5 nm process technology.

Huawei defeated American sanctions: the Chinese company now has its own 5-nanometer processor

The official description says that the single-chip system has eight cores and a maximum frequency of 3.13 GHz. The Gizmochina resource adds: the CPU is made according to a two-cluster design – with four Arm Cortex-A77 cores and four more Arm Cortex-A55 cores.

Let’s remember that earlier Huawei had a 7-nanometer SoC Kirin 9000S, and it is used in the flagships of the Mate 60 line. Kirin 9000S is produced by SMIC, and the same company most likely produces the 5-nanometer Kirin 9006C.

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Intel, where is the gain from new architectures? Core Ultra 9 185H was slower than Core i9-13900H with the same number of cores

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Intel where is the gain from new architectures Core Ultra

Yesterday we took a look at the first tests of the Core Ultra 7 155H, which at first glance are not impressive. Today the first test results of the flagship Core Ultra 9 185H appeared on the Internet.

Intel, where is the gain from new architectures?  Core Ultra 9 185H was slower than Core i9-13900H with the same number of cores

This CPU has the maximum number of cores for Meteor Lake: six large, eight small and two small in the SoC. The CPU operates at frequencies up to 5.1 GHz. Now there is a result only in CPU-Z: 767 and 8097 points in single-threaded and multi-threaded modes, respectively.

Intel, where is the gain from new architectures?  Core Ultra 9 185H was slower than Core i9-13900H with the same number of cores

In this case, we are interested in both, since the single-threaded mode shows the benefits of the new architecture, and Meteor Lake has both large and small cores with the new architecture.

As you can see, in single-threaded mode the new product is faster than the Core i5-13500H, but slower than the Core i7-13800H. That is, no advantage in single-threaded performance from switching to a new architecture is visible, but this is if we ignore the issue of power consumption. Formally, the TDP of the Core Ultra 9 185H and Core i7-13800H is the same and is 45 W. If the actual consumption is also approximately equal, then it turns out that, indeed, there is no performance gain from the transition to new architectures.

Intel, where is the gain from new architectures?  Core Ultra 9 185H was slower than Core i9-13900H with the same number of cores

If we talk about multi-threaded mode, here, interestingly, the situation is a little better, but not that radically. Yes, the Core Ultra 9 185H is already ahead of the Core i7-13800H, and noticeably ahead (by 15%), but the Core i9-13900H is already ahead of the new product by about 10%. And at the same time, all these three CPUs have the same number of large and small cores, except for the small cores in the Meteor Lake SoC. And if you count them, then the new product has even more cores.

Thus, if we summarize yesterday’s data with today’s, it turns out that we should not expect any tangible performance gain from switching from Raptor Lake to Meteor Lake when comparing CPUs with similar configurations. At the same time, Meteor Lake has a much more powerful iGPU and is likely still noticeably lower power consumption, although yesterday’s tests showed that the Ryzen 7040 is even better in this regard thanks to the much more modern 4 nm process technology.

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